From the Director’s Desk: Needle Cast and Other Conifer Threats

By Fred Breglia

Scientists estimate that 1 in 6 US tree species are at risk of extinction, largely due to
pests, disease, and climate change, according to a recent study published in the journal
“Plants People Planet.”


At the Arboretum, we’ve met the latest of these challenges to maintaining our conifers
against needle cast and other conifer diseases. The Colorado blue spruce (Picea pugens)
that were part of our Dwarf Conifer Collection have suffered the most, but our white spruces
(Picea glauca) have also shown evidence of infection. We have been pruning out branches of
our other spruces and mitigating their inevitable decline. We have also suffered a number of
losses of our pine trees, in particular the Austrian pines (Pinus nigra), primarily to Diplodia tip
light. Nearly 50 of our heritage specimens have been lost to these fungal diseases.

By far, the most pervasive of these threats to conifers is needle cast. Needle cast is a
fungal disease of evergreen trees, primarily pines and spruces, which causes infected
needles to prematurely turn yellow and brown and then drop, especially on lower
branches. Symptoms appear months after infection, initially as yellow spots that
progress to brown or purplish discolorations, often with rows of black fungal structures
visible on the needle surface. While not typically fatal in the early infection stage,
repeated annual infections weaken the tree, making it susceptible to other stressors and
leading to sparse foliage and eventual decline and death.

  •  Spruce (Picea): Colorado blue spruce is highly vulnerable to Rhizosphaera
    needle cast. Other species such as white, black, Engelmann, and Sitka spruce
    can also be affected. 
  • Pines (Pinus): Austrian pines, Scotch pines, mugo pines, and Japanese red and
    black pines are susceptible to various needle cast fungi,
    especially  Lophodermium  and  Cyclaneusma .
  • Douglas fir, balsam fir, and Siberian fir (Abies) can also be affected by needle
    cast diseases. 

These fungal diseases are spread by wind and water, and control involves improving air
circulation, removing dead needles, and applying fungicides. For the home gardener,
probably the best solution is to plant disease resistant varieties of spruce, such as

Norway spruce (Picea abies, and pine such as white pine (Pinus alba) and pitch pine
(Pinus rigida.) Both white spruce (Picea glauca) and black spruce (Picea mariana) have
shown some resistance to these fungal diseases. Hemlock is a possibility but there are
long term concerns about the hemlock wooly adelgid, a rapidly spreading aphid-like
insect that attacks North American hemlocks.


As we continue to experience the effects of rapidly changing and less predictable shifts
in weather each season at Landis, we will continue to do our best to monitor our collections for
signs of insects and diseases, especially in our most susceptible species. Each time we can
identify symptoms early, we have a better chance of success.


Fall 2025

Volume 43 , Number 3

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